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CONVPROG.ARJ
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CONVS.INF
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.1
Metric and imperial conversions
This item is one of the eighteen available on the Applied Environmetrics
Hydrological Tables. The hydrological tables are the third in the computer-
based series of tables produced by Applied Environmetrics. All of the other
items in the series accept the entry of variables in a variety of metric and
imperial units, but only present the results in SI units. This procedure will
suit scientists, but it can be inconvenient to practitioners - especially those
in the United States - who do not normally use the SI system. This item is to
assist in the conversion of units of most of the output tabulations from the
hydrological tables.
There are three systems of units in common use. These are the US system (many
units of which are the same as the old British Imperial system), the metric
system and the SI system. This item is to assist in converting between these
three systems.This item recognises units in either of the above three systems,
and in many cases will recognize mixtures of the three. Altogether 2380
units are recognised. Conversion takes place to more standard units. Altogether
to 174 units.
.2
The item begins by presenting a Table of Contents from which you choose the
variable of interest. The fourteen choices are: temperature, pressure, length,
area, volume, speed, flow (i.e. discharge) mass, mass transport, density,
energy, power, energy flux (i.e. irradiance), and specific heat capacity. The
Table of Contents also lists a selection of the units that are available for
conversion. Consult this documentation for a complete list and for advice on
acceptable entries.
Remember that the table exists for conversion between presently used systems of
units. Because imperial fluid measures are no longer used the gallon, quart and
fluid ounce all refer to US measures. Similarly, the ton as a unit of mass
refers to the short (2000 avoirdupois pound) ton used in the US, rather than to
the old imperial long ton. The metric ton (2000 kg.) is always called the
tonne.
Before discussing each tabulation in detail, there is a brief discussion of the
systems of units.
.3
The SI system (BIPM, 1981; UNESCO, 1985)
The SI system of units is the modern version of the metric system which has
been universally adopted by scientists. Details of the system are given in BIPM
(1981) and numerous documents published by national authorities. In preparing
the series of environmental tables I have relied heavily on UNESCO (1985). Only
a brief summary is given here.
The SI system is an extension of the MKS system, where the acronym stands for
metre, kilogram, second. These are the base units for length, mass and time
respectively and have the symbols m, kg and s. Other quantities and their units
are built from the base quantities and units. These are called derived units
and many have received a special name. For example, energy expressed in SI
base units has units m^2.kg.s^-2 which has been given the name joule, and the
abbreviation J.
.4
The metric system
The idea of the metric system (also used in SI) is that prefixes are used to
form decimal multiples and submultiples of units. The most common ones are
mega-(M) for 10^6, kilo-(k) for 10^3, hecto-(h) for 100, centi-(c) for 0.01,
milli-(m) for 10^-2 and micro-(u) for 10^-6.
Note that the proper abbreviation for micro is the greek mu. The closest letter
on the keyboard, is u, which, if entered as a metric prefix is taken as micro.
These conversion tables will recognise all of these prefixes as well as deci-
(d) for 0.1
The SI system encourages only a restricted set of units. Thus the hectare - a
perfectly acceptable metric unit - is strongly discouraged under the SI system.
Firstly the are (which is 100 square metres) is not a recognised SI unit.
Secondly, the SI system prefers quantities in multiple of 10^3. Thirdly, the
symbol ha, which is normally used for hectares, is actually hectoannum (i.e.
100 years) in the SI system.
.5
The United States system
The US system of weights and measures is based on the British Imperial system.
The units of mass, length and time are the pound, yard and second respectively.
These are multiplied or subdivided into units which have different names - and
are always based on non-decimal multiples.
Representing units
All of the entries in this item require you to give a value and its units and
conversion is based on the units that you entered. You will be given examples
of the preferred form for the units, but the program will try hard to interpret
your entry. For example, J/(s ft^2) is preferred but J/(ft^2 s), J ft^-2 s^-1
and J s^-1 ft^-2 are all understood.
The program will try to interpret some incorrect entries. Thus an entry of 6MM
as a length will assume that entry was inadvertently in capitals and use 6
millimetres but 6Mm will be taken as 6 megametres.
.6
Temperature
The unit of thermodynamic temperature is an SI base unit. It has the name
kelvin and the symbol K. This unit and name are also used to express an
interval or difference of temperature. The Celsius temperature (t) is defined
in terms of the thermodynamic temperature (T) by
t = T - 273.15
The unit "degree Celsius" equals the unit "kelvin" but expresses a Celsius
temperature. Because of the absence of a degree sign on computer keyboards,
the symbol C is used.
The US system of temperature is based on the Fahrenheit as a unit for which the
symbol F is used. A Fahrenheit temperature (F) is related to the Celsius
temperature by
F - 32 = 1.8 t
The International Committee for Weights and Measures at its September 1989
meeting approved the use of ITS-90: The International Temperature Scale of
1990. In this scale the triple point of water is at 273.16K but the boiling
point of water at 1013.25hPa is 99.974C.
.7
Pressure
The following are converted: (abbreviations in brackets)
bar [ba] - and all its metric prefixes
Pascal [Pa] - and all its metric prefixes.
Mass per area - any acceptable mass (imperial or metric) divided by any
acceptable area (imperial or metric)
The mass is taken as a force
Length Hg- The height of a mercury column [e.g. 760mmHg or 29.92inHg]
Length H2O - The height of a water column [e.g. 9ftH2O or 3mH2O]
barye [barye] - must be entered like this
dyne per area - e.g 5dyne/cm^2. Do not abbreviate dyne
newton [N] per area - e.g. 5N/m^2 or 5N m^-2
Notes:
See the appropriate pages for acceptable mass, length and area entries.
Any unidentified length is treated as the height of a mercury colum.
.8
Pressure conversions
The conversions are given in the following units:
bar, decibar, kPa, millibar (i.e. hPa), Pascal (i.e. N/m^2), kg/cm^2, kg/m^2,
mmHg (i.e. Torr), inch Hg, psi (i.e. pounds per square inch), atmospheres,
barye which is the same as dyne/cm^2, cmH2O, ftH2O, ton/ft^2, N/cm^2.
At the first prompt for a value, pressing the Enter key on its own will be
taken as 1 atmosphere (1013.25 hPa). At subsequent prompts, pressing the Enter
key on its own indicates that the tabulation is complete.
The length conversions (water and mercury) are based on a temperature of 0C.
The mass conversions use the conventional standard value for gravity
acceleration of
g = 9.80665
.9
Length
The following lengths are converted:
The metre and any of its seven common prefixes. Thus Mm, km, hm, m, dm, cm, mm,
um are all recognised units.
Imperial units of inch [in], foot[ft], yard[yd], chain[ch], mile[mi].
Combinations of imperial units are accepted so that 1ft12in is treated the same
as 2ft.
The abbreviations 1'12" can also be used.
The United States uses two definitions of the yard. For industrial and
scientific purposes the American Standards Association has adopted the yard
defined as 0.9144 m exactly. This is the one used in these tables. However, the
US yard, which is primarily used for land-surveying is defined as 3600/3937 m.
.10
Area
You may enter the square of any of the length units except for the chain, plus
units of acres [ac] where an acre is 10 square chains. Because the metric unit
of area is the are [a], which is 100m^2, metric prefixes to this are also
recognised. Thus 6ac is recognised as 6 acres but 6ca is 6 centi-ares.
The abbreviation for powers follows that of Basic. Thus m^2 represents square
metres. However sq. is also recognised for square so that an alternate form of
1m^2 is 1sq. m
In the SI system a combination of prefix and symbol for a unit is regarded as a
single symbol which may be raised to a power without brackets. Thus 1 cm^2
always means (0.01 m)^2 and never 0.01 m^2. Because 1 m^2 is a centare [ca]
this last unit could be written as 0.01 ca. Remember that the are [a], though
a metric unit, is not an SI unit.
Conversions are given in square inches, feet, yards, miles, m^2, mm^2, cm^2,
km^2, acres and hectares.
.11
Volume
You may enter the cube of any of the length units except for the chain as
powers (e.g. 2.4m^3) or using cu. for cubic (e.g. 2.4cu. m, 1in^3). There are
two other metric (but not SI) units of volume. The litre [l], which is 1dm^3,
and the stere [s], which is 1m^3. Both of these, and their common metric
prefixes are accepted. In addition, the common (though incorrect) abbreviation
cc is recognised as cm^3.
You may also enter US liquid measures as ounces [oz], quarts [qt] or gallons
[gal] or any combination of these three. For example, 1gal3qt2oz.
Finally, this item recognises three special hydrological units. The acre-foot
[af] (an area of 1 acre covered with a foot of water), the second-foot day
[sfd] which is the volume of water in a flow of one second-foot (i.e. 1ft^3/s)
over one day. A metric (non-SI) version of this is the cumec-day [cmd] which is
the volume of water in a flow of one cumec (i.e. 1m^3/s) over one day.
Conversions are given in m^3, ft^3, in^3, gal, qt, oz, af, sfd, cmd, cm^3,
litres and Ml (megalitres).
.12
Speed
Any length unit per second [s], minute [min], hour [h] or day [d] expressed
using either powers, or with a slash is acceptable. E.g. 6m s^-1, 8mi/h. Also
you may enter knots without abbreviation.
The knot is one nautical mile per hour and has been universally agreed to as
1852 metres per hour. If you need to convert to or from length units of
nautical miles then it can be done using this table.
Conversions are given as knots, then as length per time where the output
lengths are m, km, in, ft, y, mi and the times are s, min, h, d.
Flow
Accepts any volume unit per second [s], minute [min], hour [h] or day [d] and
converts it to outputs of volume per time where the volumes are m^3, ft^3,
in^3, gal, qt, oz, af, sfd, cmd, cm^3, l, Ml and the times are s, min, h, d.
.13
Mass
The SI unit of mass is the kilogram [kg]. Because this already has a metric
prefix, and the SI system does not allow double prefixes, all metric units of
mass add prefixes to the gram [g]. The common ones are all acceptable, as are
the metric ton [tonne], and the avoirdupois ounce [oz], pound [lb] and ton
[ton] - where ton is taken as the short ton of 2000lb.
Conversion is to kg, lb, oz, ton, tonne, g.
Mass transport
Accepts any mass unit per second [s], minute [min], hour [h] or day [d] and
converts it to outputs of mass per time where the conversion of mass units is
as given above and all four time units are used.
Density
Accepts any mass per volume, where the acceptable mass units and volume units
are as given above. There are thus 420 acceptable units. Conversion is to
kg/m^3, g/cm^3 and lb/ft^3.
.14
Energy
The SI unit of energy is the joule [J] and its use has rendered obsolete both
the erg and the calorie. One problem with the calorie was that there were a
number of different definitions (and hence values) for it. These conversion
tables use the International Table calorie (IT calorie) of 4.18684 J. A fourth
metric unit of energy is recognised by this item. The kilowatt-hour [kWh].
Imperial units of energy that are accepted are the British thermal unit [BTU]
and the foot-pound [ft-lb]. Conversion then takes place between these units and
the four metric units.
Power
The SI unit is the watt [W] which is the power dissipated by one joule per
second. The imperial unit is the horsepower [HP] which is 550 ft-lb/s. This
item accepts a power in either of these units or as an energy per second [s],
minute [min], hour [h] or day [d] and converts between them all.
.15
Energy flux
This is the energy per unit area per unit time. In the SI system it has units
of W/m^2. This item recognises any acceptable power divided by an acceptable
area, or an energy divided by an area and a time. Use the form J/(m^2 s) or
J/(s m^2). It is incorrect to use double slashes as in J/m^2/s and this will
not be recognised.
Conversion is to W/m2, HP/ft^2, mW/m^2, W/ft^2, W/in^2, and to J/m^2, BTU/ft^2,
BTU/in^2, cal/m^2, cal/cm^2 per second [s], minute [min], hour [h] or day [d] .
Specific heat capacity
Both the calorie and the BTU are defined in terms of the amount of heat
required to increase the temperature of water. The relation
1 BTU/(lb F) = 1 IT cal/(g C)
has been used for conversion. This item recognises any acceptable energy, mass
unit, or temperature unit and converts to J/(kg K), BTU/(lb F), erg/(g K),
cal/(g K), ft-lb/(lb F) and cal/(kg K).
.16
References
BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures), Le Systeme International
d'Unites (SI), 4th edition, 1981.
(An english translation was prepared jointly by the UK National Physical
Laboratory and the US National Bureau of Standards).
UNESCO, The International System of Units (SI) in Oceanography, Technical paper
in marine science No. 45, (IAPSO publication No. 32), Unesco, Paris, 1985.
---------------------------------------------------------------
REMINDER
This program is being distributed as shareware to publicise the Applied
Environmetrics Hydrological Tables. It forms one of the eighteen items that
make up these tables. Applied Environmetrics publishes computer-based
environmental and scientific tables and is looking for authors.
For further information write to Applied Environmetrics
118 Gordon St. PO Box 241
Balwyn, Vic. 3103 Roslyn, WA
Australia USA 98941-0241
Phone (03)-8172571 Ph: (509) 649 2940